Table 2 Representative liposome-based nanovaccines for targeting LNs in tumor immunotherapy

DOPTA-1% PEG

245.83 ± 26.30–267.87 ± 32.68 nm

Positive charge: 15.54 ± 2.41 mV

OVA, DOPTA

Partially shielded surface charge

Enhanced primary and secondary anti-OVA antibody responses

[97]

α-melittin NPs

10–20 nm

Neutral charge

Melittin, CO, DMPC

Efficiently shielded the positive charge of melittin;

Optimal size for LN targeting

Activated tumor antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune response;

Eliminated both primary and distant tumors in mice

[98]

sHDL-Ag/CpG

10.5 ± 0.5 nm

–

DMPC, Cho-CpG, antigen peptide Ag

Optimal size for LN targeting;

Suitable shape for LN targeting

Prolonged Ag presentation on APCs;

Inhibited tumor growth by generating broad-spectrum antitumor T-cell responses

[99]

cKK-E12

80–110 nm

Negative charge: − 15 to − 3 mV

Tumor RNA, LPS

Promoting cellular uptake and endosomal escape;

Reducing nonspecific interactions in vivo

Produced strong CD8⁺ T-cell responses;

Shrank B16F10 melanoma tumors and extended the overall survival of mice

[100]

ssPalm-LNPs

140–180 nm

Negative charge: − 6.4 ± 4.6 mV

pDNA, OVA, ssPalm

Promoting the uptake of DCs

Elicited a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity;

Inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of mice

[102]