Fig. 5

ePL induces paracrine signaling in the heart. a Contractility and intracellular Ca²⁺ in primary mouse cardiomyocytes in response to ePL or conditioned media (C/M) from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) pre-incubated with ePL. b Schematic demonstrating ePL C/M effect on calcium uptake and the subsequent signaling cascades resulting in increased glucose uptake. c GLUT4 translocation assays in rat L6 myotubes expressing Myc-tagged GLUT4. d Western blot of heart lysates from PBS- or ePL-treated mice probing for expression of pPDH Ser293. e Quantification of immunoblot in d. f NBDG (fluorescently-labeled glucose) uptake in primary cardiomyocytes using ePL alone or conditioned media (C/M) from ePL-treated BMDMs. g Western blot analysis of heart lysates from ePL-treated mice, showing higher expression of paucimannose, SLC35A1, and glycoconjugates detected by lectin MALII. h Quantification of immunoblots in g, with additional data on liver expression (see Additional file 1: figures). n = 3 animals per group for in vivo experiments and n = 6 for in vitro experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes