Fig. 4

Effects of Nano-TiO₂ on carbon metabolism in PSNPs-stressed maize plants. (A) photosynthetic rate; (B) stomatal conductance; (C) transpiration rate; (D) rubisco catalyses; (E) chlorophyll content; (F) Fv/Fm; (G) sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity; (H) ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity; (I) starch branching enzyme (SBE) activity; (J) sucrose content; (K) starch content; (L) sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity; (M) invertases (INV) activity; (N) amylase (AMY) activity; (O) glucose content; (P) fructose content; (Q) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity; (R) citrate synthase (CS) activity. C: Control; Ti: Nano-TiO₂; P + Ti: PSNPs + Nano-TiO₂. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (n = 4, P < 0.05)