Fig. 4

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation-transplantation process and challenges. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation-transplantation process: the ovaries are removed, the medulla is removed, the cortex is prepared, and the cortex tablets are frozen and thawed for orthotopic or ectopic transplantation [76]. Challenges in this process include: a toxicity of cryoprotectants. b Ischemic damage caused by early lack of vascular support. c Fatal damage to cells caused by ice crystals. d Oxidative stress damage after revascularization. e Risk of transplant reinfection caused by tumor contamination