Fig. 5
Ice crystal formation process and ice suppression mechanisms of common nanoregulators [141, 142]. A Ice crystal formation process. B Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles promote the entry of the extracellular cryoprotectant alginate into the cell. C WSe2-PVP NPs regulate ice crystal formation and promote ice crystal melting through the synergistic effects of hydrogen bond formation, adsorption inhibition, and photothermal conversion. D Graphene oxide inhibits ice crystal growth and recrystallization through the formation of hydrogen bonding with ice crystals, which results in bending of the ice crystal surface