Fig. 7
Application and principle of nano-rewarming technology. A zebrafish embryo cryopreservation and laser gold nanorods (GNR) rewarming. Laser GNR warming yields rapid and uniform warming inside the embryo to outrun any ice formation [161]. B Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic induction heating (MIH) to enhance rewarming of vitrification-cryopreserved human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (h-UCMMSCs) [164]. C Preantral follicles cryopreservation and nanometer warming combining magnetic induction heating (MIH) and laser-induced PAF heating (LIH) [163]