Table 3 Application of nanoregulators in OTC freezing rewarming

Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol silica

Sheep ovary

Prevent apoptosis and oxidative stress and improve follicular development

Rapid and uniform rewarming of magnetic nanoparticles inhibits the formation of ice crystals

Placed in an alternating magnetic field for 1 min

[160]

GNRs

Zebrafish embryo

Significantly improve embryo survival rate

Uniform rewarming of gold nanorods produced by laser pulse irradiation

Laser pulse (300 V power, 1 ms pulse time, I = 1.1 × 109 W m-2 fluence rate), specific action time not mentioned

[161, 162]

GO

Mouse preantral follicles

Significantly improve the survival rate of preantral follicles

The preantral follicles are evenly rewarded by converting light energy into thermal energy under the irradiation of near-infrared laser

Combined MIH and LIH 2.4 s

[163]

Superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles

h-UCMMSC

Significantly improve the cell survival rate and proliferation rate after freezing and rewarming

Fe3O4 nanoparticles generate heat under the action of magnetothermal heating, which uniformly and quickly promote cell rewarming

MIH at a medium frequency (375 kHz) for 10 s

[164]

Magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)

Rat heart

Reduce tissue fracture

Fast and uniform rewarming under alternating magnetic field

Continuous observation for 90 s in a 15 kW, 64 kA m⁻¹ and 185 kHz RF coil

[165, 166]