Fig. 2
From: Steering the course of CAR T cell therapy with lipid nanoparticles
The interplay between capsid size, onco-mutations, and immunogenicity. The constraints stem from the 100 nm diameter of capsids in adenoviruses and lentiviruses, posing challenges for gene cassettes over 8–9 kb. Insertional mutagenesis introduces the risk of oncogenic insertions during construct integration. Viral vectors carry inherent immunogenicity, infecting various antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like DCs, macrophages, or B cells. This prompts APCs to express viral antigens, initiating events culminating in T cell activation and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, viral gene expression induces cytokine production, attracting immune cells and fostering an immune-activating microenvironment