Fig. 4
From: Steering the course of CAR T cell therapy with lipid nanoparticles
LNPs mediated delivery of nucleic acids. A The process begins with formulating LNPs, comprised of lipids, cholesterol, and PEGylated lipids. These self-assemble to encapsulate nucleic acids through electrostatic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic interactions. Stabilizing agents like PEG enhance LNP stability. Intracellular uptake involves endocytosis, facilitated by cell surface receptors. Endosomal escape and cytoplasmic release are crucial for delivering nucleic acids, allowing translation and biological activity. Metabolism and clearance handle unused components. B LNPs traditionally target hepatocytes for mRNA delivery. Recent advancements enable LNPs to effectively deliver mRNA to non-hepatocytes, broadening therapeutic targeting beyond liver cells. Progress in ApoE- and LDL receptor-independent pathways enhances the versatility of LNPs in targeting diverse cell types. C Structure of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and D 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)