Fig. 3
Cellular metabolic profiles after administration of GDM-EVs and Normal-EVs to THLE-2 cells. (A) Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolite patterns in THLE-2 cells incubated with plasma EVs from GDM and normal pregnant women. (B) Heatmap of metabolites with differential (p < 0.05) levels between the GDM-EVs group and the Normal-EVs group. (C) Activities of metabolic pathways in THLE-2 cells incubated with plasma EVs from GDM and normal pregnant women. Black dots represent metabolic activities in the Normal-EVs group that were adjusted to 0. Red dots represent metabolic activities in the GDM-EVs group. The metabolic activities were visualized using a log2 scale. The dot size indicates the number of metabolites of the pathway, and the dot color indicates the p value. (D) A Circos plot displaying the connectivity between significantly enriched pathways and metabolites. (E) GDM-EVs induced oxidative stress in THLE-2 cells. Results are means ± SEM (n = 5–6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01