Fig. 4

13C-labelled glucose metabolic flux and intracellular TCA cycle metabolism in EV-treated THLE-2 cells. TCA cycle metabolism showed a lower rate of biochemical conversion after the administration of GDM-EVs. The histograms show a percentage difference of 13C-labelling metabolites between the GDM-EVs and the Normal-EVs groups. M+ is the main molecular ion of an identified metabolite, + 1 is 1 m/z higher than the M+. Results are means ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01