Fig. 2

Generating Antigen-Specific Nb: A Phage Display Library Approach. A schematic diagram of the different methods of generating Nbs. Camelids are immunized with an antigen to generate an immune library, while a naïve library does not require inoculation. Blood is collected to extract lymphocytes and mRNA, and Nb sequences are refined through PCR and gel electrophoresis. In synthetic libraries, a Nb scaffold is used, and CDRs are randomized. These libraries are transformed into phage vectors and E. coli to display Nbs and produce high-affinity phages via biopanning. Successful phages undergo phage-ELISA, sequencing, affinity testing, and are stored in glycerol for future production. Adapted illustration[3]