Table 5 Nanobodies and their mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2

Ty1

Alpaca

Targeting RBD of spike protein with a greater affinity

H-11 D4

Llama

Blocking attachment of ACE2 receptor to the spike protein

H-11 H4

Llama

Blocking attachment of ACE2 receptor to the spike protein

Sb23

Library of synbodies

Blocking attachment of ACE2 receptor to the spike protein

K-874A

Camels (no modifications are included)

Inhibiting fusion of the viral membrane, preventing viral replication

Nb11–59

Pichia pastoris

Blocking interaction of ACE2 receptor and RBD

VNAR

Sharks

Targeting S1-RBD and breaking the salt bridge between ACE2 and RBD

n3113.1-Fc

Unknown

Binding to RBD of the spike protein without involving ACE2 receptor