Fig. 10
A Schematic representation of common targeting ligands used for specific LNP-RNA delivery; B examples of recent LNP surface modification for active targeting: 1 bisphosphonate (BP) lipid-like component for mRNA delivery to the bone microenvironment: a illustration depicting the construction of BP-LNPs for mRNA delivery to the bone environment, leveraging the interaction of BP-LNPs with Ca2+; b Cryo-TEM image showing BP-LNP morphology (100 nm scale bar) and ex-vivo imaging of bones post-LNP delivery. LNPs encapsulate luciferase (Luc) mRNA and are labeled with 1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) dye [280]; 2 phosphatidylserine-loaded LNP for delivering mRNA to secondary lymphoid tissues: a illustration outlining the preparation of phosphatidylserine LNPs and strategies for mRNA delivery to macrophages in secondary lymphoid organs; b images of Luc activity in tissues from mice treated with subcutaneous and intravenous injections of phosphatidylserine-LNPs encapsulating Luc mRNA [302]; 3 ligand-tethered lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery to treat liver fibrosis: a fabrication of AA-T3A-C12/siHSP47 LNP by microfluidic mixing and specific delivery to activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) for silencing heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) in liver fibrosis; b immunofluorescence staining of HSP47 in LNP-treated activated 3T3 fibroblasts [295]