Fig. 6

Summary of common labeling and identification techniques for LNPs, RNAs, and protein products. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are labeled with fluorescent and radioisotope tags for imaging purposes (1 and 2). LNP components are analyzed using mass spectroscopy (MS) (3). Specific nucleic acid sequences are detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (4). Reporter gene expressions, such as enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and luciferase (LUC), are visualized through fluorescent and bioluminescent imaging (5). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques identify proteins produced by mRNA-LNP (6) or suppressed by siRNA-LNP. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes bind to specific nucleic acid sequences within cells, enabling their visualization (7)