Fig. 9
Factors affecting lipid nanoparticle (LNP) passive targeting: A Fluorescence and bioluminescence biodistribution patterns of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR)-tagged Fluc-mRNA LNPs varying in size and the corresponding luciferase expression after intramuscular administration [235]; B biodistribution of Luc-LNP at various charge ratios in BALB/c mice 24 h after intravenous administration [238]; C incorporating an additional element, known as a selective organ targeting (SORT) molecule, into conventional LNPs modifies their distribution within the body and facilitates targeted delivery to specific tissues [128]