Fig. 1

Preparation schematic of SF-based hemostatic microspheres. (A) Mixing fresh SF solution —initially in a random coil conformation- with the hemostatic peptide. (B) Ethanol is gradually added and mixed thoroughly to promote the nucleation and growth of β-sheets within the SF molecules. (C) The pre-nucleation system is then refrigerated at -20°C, where the formation of ice crystals impedes further growth of β- sheets, resulting in a microsphere capable of encapsulating hemostatic peptides. (D) The pre-frozen mixture undergoes freeze-drying to obtain platelet-like microspheres, which can be stored at 25°C for extended periods. (E) The molecular structure formulas of the three hemostatic peptides