Fig. 5

EEVs enhance neurofunctional recovery in TBI rats after intranasal administration. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental timeline for neurofunctional and behavioral assessments after intranasal administration of EEVs. Neurological and motor function recovery at various time points post-injury was evaluated using the mNSS (B), Foot-Fault Test (C), Rotarod Test (D), and Cylinder Test (E) (n = 6). (F) Evaluation of lesion volume in TBI rats at 28 days post-injury using 7T-MRI (n = 6). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post hoc multiple comparison test. Color Coding and Statistical Comparisons: Black (EEVs vs. EVs). Blue (EEVs vs. PBS). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001