Fig. 8

Protective effect of EEVs on human brain organoids. (A) Schematic diagram of the process of inducing mature human brain organoids from hiPSCs. (B) IF showing the distribution of neurons (NeuN), microglia (IBA1), and astrocytes (GFAP) in mature human brain organoids. (C) qRT-PCR analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression levels (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL3, INOS, TNF-α) in the inflammation model of human brain organoids (n = 6). (D) IF showing IBA1 (red) and INOS (green) expression in the inflammation model of human brain organoids treated with 20 µg total protein of EVs/EEVs (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. hiPSCs: human-induced pluripotent stem cells