Table 2 Summary of therapeutic modalities with their advantages, and limitations

Graphene oxide AuAgNS-DTTC AuAgCu₂O NS

PTT

Accurate heat distribution to specific regions.

Very little tissue injury.

Efficient elimination of germs.

Restricted durability and piercing depth of nanoparticles

[169]

ZIF-8-PAA MB@AgNPs@Van-PEG (ZPMAVP)

MMP-S NPs

PDT

efficient in combating germs that are resistant

Minimal toxicity

Encourages the healing of tissue

Concerns about photosensitiser neurotoxicity and oxygen-dependent reactions

[153]

BaTiO₃

PZDT

non-intrusive methodology

lowers inflammation and encourages tissue repair.

Insufficient clinical research and additional optimization are required.

[187]

MLPGa, Ga (NO₃)₃

MSN@PDA

Metal Ion Therapy

anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial qualities

Wide-ranging action

Possible hazard at elevated levels

[184]

GDY

MnOx/GDY

Nanoenzyme Therapy

The ability of ROS to scavenge

impact on tissue repair and inflammation reduction

Concerns about biocompatibility and durability in biological contexts

[180]