Fig. 4

(A) Illustration of the construction of Mn-enriched MnPB-MnOx nanomedicines and the design principle of photothermal ablation synergizing with Mn²⁺-augmented cancer immunotherapy. (B) Proinflammatory cytokine type I interferons level in primary tumors from mice in each group on day 10 after various treatments. (C) DC maturation CD8, T cells, M1 (CD86 + macrophages in F4/80 + CD11b + CD45 + cells) and NK cells in primary. (D) Schematic illustration of the experiment design and time-dependent tumor volume curves for primary tumors (the former) and distant tumors (the latter) on mice after various treatments (group I: saline; group II: laser only; group III: MnPB + laser; group IV: MnPB-MnOx; group V: MnPB-MnOx + laser. The parameter of NIR-I laser was 808 nm wavelength, 1.5 W cm², and 10 min exposure. Note: N.S. = not significant; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Reproduced with permission [138]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. E) Schematic representation of the Mn(III)-doped nanoparticles for amplifying the cGAS-STING pathway, enhancing the antitumor immune response, and optimizing the efficiency of incomplete photothermal ablation therapy. F) The cGAS-STING activation in 4T1 tumor tissues by Western blot and the expression of TNF- α, IFN- β and IFN- γ in 4T1 tumor tissues by ELISA (n = 3). G) The production of cytotoxic T cells (n = 5) and H) dendritic cells (n = 6) in the tumor microenvironment. I) Tumor growth curves in the orthotopic breast tumor model (n = 5). J) Average tumor growth curves and representative photographic of the distant tumor. Data are shown as the mean values ± SD; Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. n.s: no significance differences. Reproduced with permission [140]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd