Fig. 4

Evaluation of the ability of UDCA-NVs-TPP to cross the BBB in vitro and in vivo, and its distribution in major organs. a) Permeability across the in vitro BBB of NVs, UDCA-NVs, and UDCA-NVs-TPP (n = 3). b) In vivo fluorescence imaging of nude mice, following intravenous injection of Dir-labeled UDCA-NVs, was conducted over a 0–24 h period. c) In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed on nude mice after intravenous injection of Dir-labeled UDCA-NVs-TPP, with observations taken over a 0–24 h period. d) Fluorescence quantification of Dir-labeled UDCA-NVs-TPP and UDCA-NVs in nude mice after intravenous injection for 0–24 h (n = 3). e) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of brain tissues after ex vivo intravenous injection of Dir-labeled UDCA-NVs-TPP for 0–24 h. f) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of organs after intravenous injection of Dir-labeled UDCA-NVs-TPP for 0–12 h