Fig. 1

Classification, biogenesis, and uptake of EVs. EVs exist in several forms, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Early endosomes generated through endocytosis can mature into late endosomes and ultimately form MVBs containing multiple ILVs, which serve as precursors to exosomes. Exosomes are released when MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane. Apoptotic bodies are produced by the outward budding of apoptotic cell membranes, while microvesicles are directly released via the outward budding of the plasma membrane. A wide range of cargo, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, can be transported by EVs. EVs can be internalized by the target cells through mechanisms such as membrane fusion, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and direct binding. Abbreviation: ER: endoplasmic reticulum