Extracellular vesicle-mediated bidirectional communication between the liver and other organs: mechanistic exploration and prospects for clinical applications

Table 1 Characteristics of EV subtypes

Characteristic	Exosomes	Microvesicles	Apoptotic Bodies	References
Size	40–160 nm	50–1000 nm	1–5 μm	[13, 16, 17]
Biogenesis	Release of ILVs by fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane	Budding from the plasma membrane	Membrane blebbing, protrusions, and nuclear fragmentation	[13, 16, 59]
Composition	Nucleic acids, lipids, proteins	Nucleic acids, lipids, proteins	Organelles, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins	[60]
Function	Intercellular communication, cell maintenance, tumor progression, antigen presentation, neuroprotection	Intercellular communication, cell maintenance, tumor progression	Removal of dying cells, antigen presentation, regulation of immune cell responses	[60, 61]

ISSN: 1477-3155