Fig. 6

Behavioral Assessment of NM@PB-Ce Treatment in AD Mouse Model. A Schematic illustration of the experimental treatment protocol. B Open field test analysis to elucidate spatial locomotion patterns and group-specific activity levels. Left column: Composite trajectories illustrating predominant movement paths. Right column: Activity/route concentration heat maps depicting areas of significant dwell time and activity, with a color gradient from blue (low) to red (high) indicating frequency. C Quantitative analysis of open field test parameters, including grid crossing frequency (number of crossings) and associated activity levels (crossing intensity), to evaluate general locomotor function across experimental groups. D Morris water maze performance on day five of testing, illustrating navigational strategies and spatial memory capabilities across different mouse groups. Left column: Complete swimming trajectories. Right column: Activity/route concentration heat maps displaying areas of prolonged presence and heightened activity, with a color gradient from blue (low) to red (high) denoting frequency. E Quantitative assessment of escape latency using the Morris water maze task. F Analysis of distance traveled within the target quadrant during the Morris water maze task. G Evaluation of platform crossing frequency in the Morris water maze task. H Y-maze spontaneous alternation test results. Left column: Composite trajectories delineating prevalent exploration routes. Right column: Activity/route concentration heat maps illustrating areas of extended presence and increased activity, with a color gradient from blue (low) to red (high) signifying frequency. I Comparative analysis of spontaneous alternation rates among different experimental groups. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Behavioral tests: n = 10 mice per group Open field test (C): F(3,36) = 25.67, p = 0.0006 Morris water maze (E–G): F(3,36) = 28.91, p = 0.0002 Y-maze test (I): F(3,36) = 26.78, p = 0.0005