Table 2 Strategies for the management of infectious bone defects employing MOFs
Categories | Components | Characteristics of MOFs | Assessments of infection | Assessments of bone healing | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Porphyrin- Zr -based (HN25 Sonosensitiz-er) | Alendronate | Morphology: diamond Zeta: 34.64 mV Surface Area: 1273.47 m2/g | Against MRSA: 98.97%; Animal models: Significant reduction in bacterial infection and abscess formation | CT and histological evaluations: Significant new bone formation and reduced bone defects; Osteogenic markers (OPN, Runx2, OCN) & ALP and ARS staining↑; | 2024[269] |
MOF-801 Zr -based | Ti、hydrofluoric acid (HF) | Coating thickness: Zr-MOF0, Zr-MOF1, and Zr-MOF2 were 5.38 μm, 9.63 μm, and 14.13 μm | The fluorine-doped Zr-MOF2 exhibited a bacterial inhibition rate of 79.43% and 66.28% against S. aureus and E. coli | Zr-MOF2 promoted MC3T3-E1 proliferation and differentiation and induces macrophage transition to M2 | 2022[270] |
UiO-66 Zr -based | Fosfomycin (FOS) CS-based scaffolds | Size:130 ± 28 nm | Antibacterial Activity: Complete bactericidal activity against S. aureus; Bacterial Attachment↓ | Osteogenic Differentiation : Related genes (RunX2, COL-I, and OCN) and ECM mineralization in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts↑; Gene Expression: COL-1*2 times, OCN*2.6–3.5 times↑; ALP Activity↑ | 2022[271] |
Zn-base ZIF-8 | Ag+ PEEK | Size: 300 nm Zeta: −19.4 mV | Colony Forming Units and Bacterial Growth Curve of SPZA indicated complete bactericidal effect | SPZA showed 85.0% cell viability against L929 mouse fibroblast cells | 2021[272] |
Zn-base ZIF-8 | CS | Rhombic Dodecahedron Size: 60 ± 20 nm Encapsulation Efficiency (VAN) : 99.3% | pH = 5.4(70% of VAN released with 8 h), pH = 7.4 (55%) inhibition zones:8–10 mm and a reduction index of ≥ 3 | MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts showed high proliferation and osteogenic activities; ALP Activity and Calcium Deposition↑ | 2019[273] |
Cu-base | SiO2-CaO AgNPs | Surface Area: 230 m2/g Pore Volume: 0.10 cm3/g | Antimicrobial Activity: inhibition zones between 8–10 mm and a reduction index of ≥ 3 MIC and MBC: 62.5 µg /mL to 125 µg/mL | Bioactivity: HAp formation after 7 days Cytotoxicity: No significant cytotoxic effects Cell Migration: Ability similar to control assays | 2024[274] |
Co-base ZIF-67 | Osteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP), Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes (TNTs) | Rhombic Dodecahedron Size:189 ± 21 nm pH-sensitive property: rapid dissolution under acidic conditions | E. coli and S. aureus antibacterial ratios reached 94.9% and 94.5%, respectively; In vivo Antibacterial Efficacy(rat): fewer residual bacteria after 3 days of implantation | Osteointegration: a new bone formation area percentage of 42.6% and a bone-implant contact (BIC) ratio of 56.3% after 4 weeks; M0 → M2, TNF-αand IL-1β↓; IL-10 and IL-1 ↑ | 2021[275] |
Mg-base | Calcium Sulfate, Calcium Citrate, Dicalcium Hydrogen Phosphate Anhydrous (DCPA) | Block structure 10–15 μm in size UV Absorption Peak: Characteristic peak at 259 nm | Antibacterial Activity: S. aureus survival rate ≤ 10% within 4 h Inhibition Zone: 17.75 mm and 20.59 mm (S. aureus and E. coil) | Mechanical Strength: increased cement strength from 27 to 32 MPa Osteogenic Differentiation: Promoted mBMSC proliferation and differentiation; Increased expression of Runx2, BMP2, OCN, OPN, and COL-1 Inflammation Regulation: Reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 | 2023[276] |