Table 3 Composite Bioceramics scaffold design schemes for the treatment of infectious bone defects
Categories | Components | Strategy | Assessments of infection | Assessments of bone healing | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesoporous Bioactive Glass (MBG) | DOX; Bioink; PCL | DOX-Controlled BMP2 Expression; | Vitro: Significantly reducing bacterial adhesion and proliferation; Vivo: No bacterial fluorescence signals at 3 days | Vitro: ALP and Alizarin Red staining: Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs↑; Vivo: X-ray, micro-CT, and histopathologic analysis: Significant ectopic bone formation; BMP2 Secretion↑ | 2020[294] |
MSNs | Levofloxacin; HAp; Polyurethane (PU) | Controlled Release | Significant inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus; a visible zone of inhibition (S. aureus) | Osteogenic Differentiation: Expression of ALP, OCN, and OPN ↑; MC3T3-E1 cells ↑; Cells were more in S and G2 phases (Cell Cycle Analysis) | 2019[295] |
HAp | PLGA; Linezolid | 3D Printing | Vitro: Significant inhibition against MRSA (up to 28 days) Vivo: Viable bacteria in rabbit model↓ | Micro-CT: Significant healing at the defect area, Bone trabeculae↑; H&E and Masson staining: Tissue destruction and Pus cell accumulation↓; Expression of osteogenic genes (Runx2, OCN, and COL-1) ↑ | 2024[296] |
HAp; Calcium Sulfate (CaS) | Rifampicin (RFP) | Local Drug Delivery; Osteogenic Potential | Colony-forming units (CFUs) of S. aureus↓; | Micro-CT: BV/TV ↑; Histological Analysis: H&E and Masson staining indicated osteoconduction and bone regeneration ↑ | 2020[297] |
β-TCP | Nanosized Silver (NSAg) | Controlled Silver Ion Release | Significant inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli growth; | Mechanical Strength: 7.74 ± 0.19 MPa; Histological Analysis: New bone formation rates per unit area were 18.6 ± 10.3% | 2020[298] |
β-TCP; S53P4 Bioactive Glass (BG) | Tea Tree Oil (TTO) | 3D Printing; Coating Procedures | Significant antibacterial effects against S. aureus | Compressive strength of the scaffold was 2.4 ± 1.0 MPa; Viability of MG-63 cells↑ | 2023[299] |
β-TCP | Gelatin; CS; Gentamycin | Sustained Release | Inhibited the growth of S. aureus (in a dose-dependent manner) | The scaffold fused with bone tissues, and new tissues were formed in defect areas without any infection | 2022[210] |
α/β-Tricalcium Phosphate (α/β-TCP) | Tea Polyphenol-Magnesium (TP-Mg); Gelatin; Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) | Low-Temperature 3D Printing | Vitro: Inhibition rates of over 70% for S. aureus and nearly 60% for E. coli; Vivo: A significant reduction in bacterial colonies in a rat model of infectious bone defects; M1 → M2 | Vitro: Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs↑; Vivo: Micro-CT showed BV/TV and BMD↑ (6 and 12 weeks) | 2024[300] |
Silicocarnotite (Ca5(PO4)2SiO4, CPS) | Germanium dioxide (GeO2) | Ultrasound-assisted aqueous precipitation method | Effectively inhibited the proliferation of E. coli) S. aureus; Colony Counting Assay: GeO2↑, Colonies↓; An inhibition ratio of S. aureus and E. coli were 72.1% and 76.4%, separately | Cell viability of BMSCs↑; Bone tissue regeneration and integration↑ | 2023[301] |