Macrophage-derived exosomes in cancer: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential

Table 2 Preclinical experiments of modified macrophages-derived exosomes for cancer therapy

Clinical therapy	Tumor model	Membrane composition	Surface modification	Cargo	References
Chemotherapy	Breast cancer	Macrophage-derived sEV and synthetic liposome	N/A	Doxorubicin	[157]
	Breast cancer	M1-exo	N/A	Docetaxel	[158]
	Breast cancer	M1-exo	N/A	Paclitaxel	[11]
	Breast cancer	Macrophage-derived exosome	N/A	Platinum, HSA, and lecithin	[159]
	TNBC	Macrophage-derived exosome	N/A	Doxorubicin	[160]
	Pancreatic Cancer	M1-exo	N/A	Gemcitabine and Deferasirox	[161]
	Bladder cancer	M1-exo	N/A	Gemcitabine	[162]
	Lung cancer	M1-exo	C-Met binding peptide	Cisplatin	[163]
Radiotherapy	Lung cancer	M1-exo	Anti-PD-L1 nanobody	CAT and DNA damage repair inhibitor	[15]
Immunotherapy	Breast cancer	M1-exo	IL-4R-binding peptide	NF-κB p50 siRNA and miR-511–3p	[143]
	Breast cancer	M1-exo	N/A	RSL3	[139]
	TNBC	P-NV, M1-NV, and SαV-C-NV	SIRPα variants	N/A	[152]
	Melanoma	M1 macrophages-derived EV	N/A	SiPAK4 and photoactivatable ROS-sensitive polymer	[164]
Sonodynamic Therapy	Glioblastoma	Macrophage-derived exosome	AS1411 aptamer	SiO₂ encapsulated CAT and ICG	[14]
Chemo-immunotherapy	Breast cancer	TDE and M1-exo	CD47	DNA-targeting agent (SN38) and STING-agonist (MnO₂)	[16]
Chemo/gene/ photothermal therapy	Breast cancer	Macrophage-derived exosome	PDA coated Fe₃O₄ and miR-21-targeting MB	Doxorubicin	[165]
Immuno/gas/ photodynamic therapy	Colorectal cancer	M1-exo	N/A	Ce6-loaded upconversion	[166]

sEV small extracellular vesicle, M1-exo M1 macrophage-derived exosomes, TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer, HSA human serum albumin, c-Met mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, PD-L1 programmed cell death-ligand 1, CAT catalase, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-B, NV nanovesicle, P-NV platelet-derived NV, M1-NV M1 macrophage-derived NV, SIRPα signal regulatory protein alpha, SαV-C-NV cancer cell-derived NVs overexpressing high-affinity SIRPα variants, SiPAK4 Small interfering RNA against p21-Activated kinase 4, ROS reactive-oxygen-species, ICG indocyanine green, TDE tumor-derived exosome, SN38 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, STING stimulator of interferon gene, PDA polydopamine, MB molecular beacon

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