Fig. 3

Diagnostic and Prognostic Potentials of sEVs in PCa: Advances in Detection Methods and Biomarker Identification. sEVs derived from various body fluids and tissues can be identified and analyzed using techniques such as RT-PCR, ddPCR, RNA-seq, Microarray, MicroRNA chips, SPP, and PBA. Candidate biomarkers are screened through methods like ROC analysis and survival curves. Advanced technologies, including HCR, SCOPE, and approaches integrating AI and ML methods, are employed to enhance detection sensitivity and specificity. A wide range of nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and enzymes can be utilized to diagnose and differentiate PCa and CRPC, while also providing prognostic insights for PCa and CRPC management