Fig. 6
From: Extracellular particles: emerging insights into central nervous system diseases
EPs contribute to local and systemic crosstalk after traumatic brain injury (TBI). After TBI, the EPs released from activated microglia and astrocytes inhibit nerve function recovery and vascular remodeling. Brain tissue derived EPs at the site of injury can also activate systemic inflammation, while circulatory EPs induce dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. HMGB1: High mobility group box-1 protein; TJPs: tight junction proteins; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid (Figure created with BioRender)