Table 1 Mechanism of migrasome involvement in different diseases

Tumor

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cells

VEGF

Increased expression of CD151 promotes the production of migrasomes

Affects the invasiveness of liver cancer cells and promotes HCC migration

[34]

Bone metastasis

Cells

RANKL

Tumor cells activate osteoclasts via migrasome-mediated cytoplasmic transfer

Bone metastasis promoted by stimulation of osteoclasts to secrete acidic substances

[35]

Glioblastoma

Cells

Autophagosomes

GBM cells accumulate autophagosomes through migrasomes

Alleviates the accumulation of stress damage and does not consume its own energy

[9]

Infectious

Viral

Cells

Virions

The infected cells release migrasomes encapsulating virions

Promoting virus infection in the mode of cell-to-cell spread by migrasomes

[50,51,52]

Noninfectious

Cardiovascular

Cells

Mitochondria

Migrasomes selectively remove damaged mitochondria by mitocytosis

Providing mitochondrial quality control to improve cardiac dysfunction

[62]

Urology

Cells and urine

–

Podocytes secrete more migrasomes when injured

Using migrasomes as a potential diagnostic marker for early kidney injury

[75, 86]

Gynecology and obstetrics

Cells

–

Nanoplastics activate autophagy and suppress migrasome formation

Affects trophoblast cell migration and induces miscarriage

[96]

Ophthalmology

Cells

–

The migrasomes of RPE are induced through the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway

Increases the migration and proliferation of RPE to induce PVR

[105]

Neurology

Cells and plasma

CD5L

Migrasomes of Aβ40-stimulated macrophages facilitate CDC in CAA

Injuring endothelial cells and causing the destruction of the blood‒brain barrier

[120]

Regenerative medicine

Cells

CXCL12

Migrasomes from ASCs enrich CXCL12 to recruit stem cells via CXCR4/RhoA

Promoting stem cell migration and mediating tissue regeneration

[147]