The nano-paradox: addressing nanotoxicity for sustainable agriculture, circular economy and SDGs

Rajpal, Vijay Rani; Nongthongbam, Byonkesh; Bhatia, Manika; Singh, Apekshita; Raina, Soom Nath; Minkina, Tatiana; Rajput, Vishnu D.; Zahra, Noreen; Husen, Azamal

doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03371-5

Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Table 2 Genotoxic effects of metal-based nanomaterials in plants in various plant species

From: The nano-paradox: addressing nanotoxicity for sustainable agriculture, circular economy and SDGs

Plant species	Nanomaterials	Effects	Key References
A. cepa	Ag	CA and impaired cell cycle	[243]
	TiO₂ and ZnO	CA and reduced MI	[244]
	CdSe QDs	Oxidative stress	[245]
	PS	Inhibition of root elongation	[246]
	PS	CA and reduced MI	[11]
	ZnO	DNA damage and CA	[247]
	MgO	DNA damage and CA	[248]
	Cr₂O₃	Reduced MI, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) production	[11]
	Cr₂O₃	CA	[249]
	PS	CA	[250]
	ZnO	CA	[251]
	Al₂O₃	CA and reduced MI	[252]
	TiO₂	Dose-dependent genotoxic effects	[253]
A. thaliana	ZnO	Root length reduction	[254]
	ZnO	Induction of biochemical changes	[200]
	TiO₂	Increased antioxidant effects	[255]
	Ag	Oxidative stress and DNA damage	[169]
Beta vulgaris	Ag	Endoreduplication	[256]
B. napus	Ag	Oxidative stress and DNA damage	[168]
	Ag	Endoreduplication	[256]
	ZnO	Reduced germination percentage and seedling growth	[257]
B. pekinensis	CuO	Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide	[258]
B. rapa	NiO	Oxidative stress and DNA damage	[259]
Camelina sativa	ZnO	Reduced germination percentage and seedling growth	[257]
Coffea arabica	ZnO	Altered hormonal biosynthesis and other pathways	[260]
C. sativum	CuO	Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide	[192]
C. sativus	Ag	Photosynthetic inhibition	[261]
G. max	Al₂O₃, and ZnO	Oxidative stress	[262]
	Ag	DNA damage and oxidative stress	[167]
	TiO₂	Physical damage	[263]
	CeO₂	Genotoxic effects	[264]
H. vulgare	CeO₂	Oxidative stress	[264]
H. sativum distichum	CuO	Growth inhibition	[265]
L. sativa	PMMA	Reduced osmotic potential and induction of oxidative stress	[266]
	PS	Decline in plant biomass and increase in electrolyte leakage	[267]
	CeO₂	Phytotoxic effects	[197]
Landoltia punctate	AgNPs	Growth inhibition, ultrastructure damage	[268]
L. culinaris	TiO₂	Dose-dependent genotoxic effects and DNA damage and CA	[253, 269]
Lolium multiflorum	Ag	DNA damage, growth inhibition	[222]
Medicago sativa	Ag	Endoreduplication	[256]
Nicotiana tabacum	ZnO	ROS production	[251]
Nicotiana tabacum	Au, Ag	DNA damage response	[177]
O. sativa	Ag	Oxidative stress	[270]
	PS	DNA damage and oxidative stress	[271]
	Ag	Oxidative stress and tissue death	[272]
Raphanus sativus	Fe₂O₃	DNA damage (strand break)	[273]
Sinapis alba	Ag	Endoreduplication	[256]
S. lycopersicum	C	Decreased growth, oxidative stress, and DNA damage	[274]
Trifolium pretense	Ag	Endoreduplication	[256]
T. aestivum	Ag	CA	[112]
	Fe₂O₃	CA, loss of genetic material, DNA damage, chromosome grouping	[110]
	Ag	Oxidative stress and DNA damage	[171]
	ZnO	Production of ROS in roots	[275]
	Ag	Altered root morphology, seedling growth, altered proteins	[276]
	NPK	Production of ROS	[112]
	TiO₂	Alterations in photosynthetic pathways	[277]
	Ag	CA and inhibited DNA synthesis	[11]
	Ag	CA	[278]
	Cu₂O	Root chromosomal abnormality	[279]
V. faba	Ag	DNA damage and oxidative stress	[280]
V. faba	ZnO	ROS production	[251]

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ISSN: 1477-3155

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