Table 4 Nucleic acid amplification reaction on the surface of nanomaterials

Thermal cycling

PCR

Metal nanomaterials

(AuNPs, AgNPs, PtNPs)

Carbon-based nanomaterials

(SWCNTs, GO, MWCNTs, GNFs, CNPs)

Oxide nanomaterials

(TiO₂, Fe₃O₄, ZnO, SiO₂, MgO)

Fluorescent nanoparticles

(QDs, UCNPs)

(1) 10–10⁴ times more sensitive

(2) Improved the specificity

(3) Enhanced the efficiency (Increased the yield)

[180, 183, 184]

qPCR

AuNPs, QDs

Improved the specificity and sensitivity

[185, 186]

Two-round PCR

AuNPs, MWCNTs

Improved specificity and efficiency

[174, 187]

Multiplex PCR

QDs, AuNPs

Improved the specificity

[189, 191]

Long PCR

CNTs

Significantly improved the amplification efficiency

[190]

AS-PCR

AuNPs

AuNPs can selectively inhibit the amplification of mismatched primer–template pairs and enhance the specificity of AS-PCR

[191]

Isothermal

LAMP

AuNPs

False positive decreased from 76 to 0%

[179]

RPA

TiO₂ NPs

Shortened the reaction time and the nonspecific amplification of the RPA reaction with TiO₂ nanoparticles was reduced by 39 − 87%

[192]

SDA

AuNPs

The sensitivity of the detection of telomerase activity in complex samples is improved five-fold compared with the traditional assay

[175]

SDA

GNFs

tenfold enhancement in the PCR yield

[193]

HDA

AuNPs

Improved sensitivity and specificity

[177]