Fig. 2

Optimized design strategiess for microneedles in tissue regeneration. (A) Barb-like (a), pagoda-shaped (b), crab claw-like (c) and with micro-cavities needle tips (d) [21,22,23,24]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. (B) Tubular (b), ballooning (b) and hemispherical (c) backing layers [29,30,31]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. Copyright 2022, Wiley‐VCH. Copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH. (C) The MNs are designed as the modular structures with shell and core (a), layering (b) and array zoning (c) [39,40,41]. Copyright 2024, Royal Society of Chemistry. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. Copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH