Fig. 8

MNs loaded with nanomaterials play a role in promoting regeneration within the musculoskeletal system. (A) MN patches inspired by paper-cutting for comprehensive joint management [27]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (B) Localization of lesion cells and targeted mitochondria in joints via MNs with helical structure for heat transfer [102]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (C) Circadian rhythm-regulated EVs can promote the regeneration of fibrocartilage and the repair of tendons when applied to TBI via a triphasic MN scaffold [104]. Copyright 2024, Wiley‐VCH. (D) NVs encapsulating small molecule inhibitors are delivered by dual-barbed soluble MNs for the treatment of tendinopathy [108]. Copyright 2024, Wiley‐VCH. (E) T-MN can self-adhere to the AF, and deliver Exo@miR-378 for IVD repair [106]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier