Fig. 2

Dual functionality of TFP@A in drug efflux and ROS scavenging. Note: (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental design in the Transwell system, demonstrating the construction of the bEnd.3 model and co-culture with neurons in vitro; (B) Changes in permeability coefficients of TFP@A under different conditions (Glu⁻, Glu⁺); (C) Permeability coefficients of A438079 and TFP@A under various treatment conditions; (D) Effect of Glu⁺ and GSH pretreatment on A438079 release; (E) DCFH-DA probe staining images of neurons under Glu stimulation, detecting intracellular ROS levels. Scale bar: 25 μm; (F) Flow cytometry analysis of DCFH-DA fluorescence intensity at different time points, illustrating changes in ROS levels; (G) Detection of HT22 cell apoptosis under various conditions using Annexin V/PI double staining, showing flow cytometry results and corresponding bar graphs of apoptosis rates. Cell experiments were performed in triplicate. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001