Fig. 4

(a) Enriched KEGG pathway chordal map based on the intersection of three pathways (NOD-like Receptor Signaling Pathway; IL-17 Signaling Pathway; TNF Signaling Pathway). (b) Protein-protein interaction network of these functional genes. (c) IL-1β (n = 3) and (d) LDH release (n = 3) after being treated with different groups. (e) Morphological features of 4T1 cancer cells in control, BFO + H₂O₂ + US and La-BFO + H₂O₂ + US groups. White arrows represent swollen cells with large air bubbles. (f) Schematic diagram of lysosomal disruption by La ion. (g) Confocal fluorescence images of AO staining of 4T1 cells after different treatments. (h) Diagram of pyroptosis pathway. (i) Western blot analysis of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1, GSDMD, N-GSDMD in 4T1 cells and the corresponding quantitative analysis (n = 3) after varied treatments. (j) Annexin V-FITC and PI staining assay of 4T1 cells after different treatments. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), where *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, n.s: differences were not statistically significant