Fig. 1

Cells overexpressing synphilin-1 exhibited reduced spreading area with decreased lamellipodia formation and focal adhesion. A Cell morphology of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) and synphilin-1-overexpressing HEK293 (Synph-293) cells from bright-field, F-actin staining, and scanning electron microscopy analyses (scale bars: 20 μm). B Cell spreading area of HEK293 and Synph-293 cells (n = 50). Data represent the mean + SD. C Proportion of lamellipodia structures at the edge of HEK293 and Synph-293 cells (n = 13). Data represent the mean + SD. Individual value is represented as a hollow circle. D Focal adhesion analysis of cells using paxillin staining images (scale bar: 10 μm). E, F Number (E) and total area (F) of focal adhesions of cells (n = 24/18/31/47). The inner solid line and cross sign indicate the median and mean values, respectively. Statistical significance was determined using an independent sample t-test with Levene’s test. ns: no significance