Fig. 1

Schematic representation of probiotics-derived Extracellular Vesicles (PEVs). Figure 1 depicts the cell wall structure of Gram-negative and Gram-positive probiotics and the process of extrusion of Outer membrane vesicle (OMV) and Cytoplasmic membrane vesicle (CMV) from the cell wall, and also includes the morphology of the bilayer lipid membrane structure of OMV and CMV as well as the internal structure of the membrane proteins, cytoplasmic It also includes the bilayer lipid membrane structure of OMV and CMV, as well as their internal structures including membrane proteins, cytoplasmic proteins, nucleic acids and bacterial cell wall components, which visualize the differences in the production, secretion and composition of OMV and CMV