Fig. 8

Bacterial growth inhibition properties of the samples after 24 h of incubation. (a) Agar plate images show the recultivation of colonies dissociated from the sample surfaces (scale bar: 2 cm). Quantitative inhibition rates for (b) S. aureus and (c) E. coli (n = 3). (d) SEM images depicting the morphology and adhesion of S. aureus and E. coli on different sample surfaces (scale bar: 1 μm). *, #, △, and ◇ indicate P < 0.05, **, while ##, △△, and ◇◇ represent P < 0.01, and ***, ###, △△△, and ◇◇◇ indicate P < 0.001, corresponding to comparisons with M-Ti, C-SA, C-SLA, and C-SLAA, respectively