Fig. 3

Effects of supplemental spraying treatments of NMs on tobacco growth, aphid mortality, and plant resistance responses. (A) ΔFW and (B) DW of tobacco after CK, CDs, SiO₂, and SiO₂@CDs exposure (ΔFW= FW_{(7 days after feeding treatment)} - FW _{(0 days after feeding treatment)}); (C) The effect of CK and NMs (CDs, SiO₂, SiO₂@CDs) on the number of adult aphids 1–7 days after aphid infestation; (D–I) Leaf (D) CAT, (E) SOD, (F) POD, (G) MDA, (H) Si and (I) SA of tobacco without (− Aphids) and with (+ Aphids) the presence of aphids exposed to CK, CDs, SiO₂ and SiO₂@CDs. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 4). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Significant differences were observed among treatments, and F- and P-values are indicated in each panel